The Upright Head in Hominid Evolution
The Upright Head in Hominid Evolution
Human uprightness and its anatomic basis are among the most outstanding features that differentiate the living man from the apes of Africa and Asia. The manner in which the body has modified its structure and biomechanics to the new forms of uprightness and bipedalism is only short of ingenious. After more than 4 to 5 million years, humans have not yet evolved a mechanism that is free of errors and vexatious problems. Our bodies are still subject to what Sir Arthur Keith termed the ills of uprightness. These include flat feet, slipped disks, hernias, prolapses, malposture, malocclusion, and painful cephalocervical pathology showing itself as headaches, hypertonicity of the neck muscles, and effects of pressure on motor and sensory nerves.
Keywords: human uprightness, apes, bipedalism, malposture, flat feet, slipped disks, hernia, prolapses
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