Excitatory and Inhibitory Mechanisms Involved in the Dynamic Control of Posture during the Cervicospinal Reflexes

Ottavio Pompeiano

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The Head-Neck Sensory Motor System

Alain Berthoz, Werner Graf, and P. P. Vidal

Print publication date: 1992

Print ISBN-13: 9780195068207

Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: March 2012

DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195068207.001.0001

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ContentsFRONT MATTER

Title Pages
Contributors
Preface
Investigations Relating to the Head-Neck Movement System Around the Time of the French Revolution (1789)
Part I The Head-Neck System from an Anthropologic Viewpoint
- Chapter 1 The Upright Head in Hominid Evolution
Part II Evolution of the Head-Neck Movement System
- Chapter 2 Why Develop a Neck?
- Chapter 3 Evolution of the Dorsal Muscles of the Spine in Light of Their Adaptation to Gravity Effects
- Chapter 4 Modeling of the Craniofacial Architecture during Ontogenesis and Phylogenesis
Part III Comparative Aspects of the Head-Neck Movement System
- A. Invertebrates
- B. Vertebrates
Part IV Embryology and Ontogeny of the Head-Neck Movement System
- Chapter 14 Development of the Vertebral Joints (C3 through T2) in Man
- Chapter 15 Head Position and Posture in Newborn Infants
- Chapter 16 Head-Trunk Coordination and Locomotor Equilibrium in 3-to 8-Year-Old Children
Part V Architecture of the Head-Neck Movement System
- A. Bones and Muscles
- B. Models and Theories
Part VI Sensors of the Head-Neck Movement System
- Chapter 24 Somatosensory Pathways from the Neck
- Chapter 25 Physiologic Properties and Central Actions of Neck Muscle Spindles
- Chapter 26 Excitatory and Inhibitory Mechanisms Involved in the Dynamic Control of Posture during the Cervicospinal Reflexes
- Chapter 27 Suppression of Cervical Afferents Impairs Visual Cortical Cells Development
- Chapter 28 Eye and Neck Proprioceptive Messages Contribute to the Specification of Gaze Direction in Visually Oriented Activities
- Chapter 29 Influence of Neck Receptor Stimulation on Eye Rotation and on the Subjective Vertical: Experiments on the Tilt Table, under Water, and in Weightlessness
- Chapter 30 Cervico-ocular Reflexes with and without Simultaneous Vestibular Stimulation in Rabbits
- Chapter 31 Vestibular and Optokinetic Asymmetries in the Ocular and Cervical Reflexes
- Chapter 32 Cervicovestibular Interactions in Coriolis-Like Effects
- Chapter 33 Gravitational, Inertial, and Coriolis Force Influences on Nystagmus, Motion Sickness, and Perceived Head Trajectory
- Chapter 34 Head Position versus Head Motion in the Inhibition of Horizontal Postrotary Nystagmus
Part VII Neuronal Mechanisms of the Sensory-Motor Transformations in the Head-Neck Movement System
- A. Spinal Mechanisms
  - Chapter 35 Intrinsic Properties of Neck Motoneurons
  - Chapter 36 Organization of the Motor Nuclei Innervating Epaxial Muscles in the Neck and Back
- B. Vestibular Neurons
- C. Collicular and Reticular Neurons
- D. Interstitial Nucleus of Cajal and Beyond
Part VIII Synergies and Strategies of Head Movements and Gaze Control
- A. Head Movement Control
- B. Orienting and Stabilizing Eye and Head Movements
- C. Timing and Prediction
- D. Linear Movement Analysis
  - Chapter 74 Decoding of Optic Flow by the Primate Optokinetic System
  - Chapter 75 Eye Movements and Visual-Vestibular Interactions during Linear Head Motion
- E. Perception
- F. Eye-Head Coordination and Reflex Behavior
Part IX Head Movement during Posture, Locomotion, and Complex Movements
- Chapter 86 What about the So-Called Neck Reflexes in Humans?
- Chapter 87 Do Head Position and Active Head Movements Influence Postural Stability?
- Chapter 88 Significance of Muscle Proprioceptive and Vestibulospinal Reflexes in the Control of Human Posture
- Chapter 89 Influence of Tactile Cues on Visually Induced Postural Reactions
- Chapter 90 Differential Influence of Vertical Head Posture during Walking
- Chapter 91 Control of Head Stability and Gaze during Locomotion in Normal Subjects and Patients with Deficient Vestibular Function
- Chapter 92 Head-Trunk Coordination in Man: Is Trunk Angular Velocity Elicited by a Support Surface Movement the Only Factor Influencing Head Stabilization?
- Chapter 93 Visual, Vestibular, and Somatosensory Control of Compensatory Gaze Nystagmus during Circular Locomotion
- Chapter 94 Different Patterns in Aiming Accuracy for Head-Movers and Non-Head Movers
- Chapter 95 Head Kinematics during Complex Movements
- Chapter 96 Head-Forelimb Movement Coordination and Its Rearrangement in the Course of Training in the Dog: Role of the Motor Cortex
- Chapter 97 Preferential Activation of the Sternocleidomastoid Muscles by the Ipsilateral Motor Cortex during Voluntary Rapid Head Rotations in Humans
Part X Disorders of the Head-Neck System
- A. Vestibular Disorders
- B. Neurologic Disorders
END MATTER
References
Index
Plates

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Excitatory and Inhibitory Mechanisms Involved in the Dynamic Control of Posture during the Cervicospinal Reflexes

Chapter:: (p.179) Chapter 26 Excitatory and Inhibitory Mechanisms Involved in the Dynamic Control of Posture during the Cervicospinal Reflexes
Source:: The Head-Neck Sensory Motor System
Author(s):: Ottavio Pompeiano
Publisher:: Oxford University Press

DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195068207.003.0026

The main structure that regulates posture in decerebrate animals is the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN), whose descending verstibulospinal (VS) pathway excites mono- and polysynaptically ipsilateral neck and limb extensor motoneurons. However, in the addition to the LVN, there are two other structures that exert an antagonistic influence on posture. The first region is represented by the medical aspect of the medullary reticular formation, from which the inhibitory reticulospinal (RS) pathway acting on ipsilateral limb extensor motoneurons originates. This area is under the tonic excitatory influence of a dorsal tegmental region whose neurons, located in the peri-locus ceruleus and the neighboring pontine reticular formation (PRF) are cholinosensitive and also cholinergic in nature.

Keywords: posture, lateral vestibular nucleus, motoneurons, reticulospinal pathway, pontine reticular formation

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Alain Berthoz, Werner Graf, and P. P. Vidal

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Excitatory and Inhibitory Mechanisms Involved in the Dynamic Control of Posture during the Cervicospinal Reflexes

Excitatory and Inhibitory Mechanisms Involved in the Dynamic Control of Posture during the Cervicospinal Reflexes

Ottavio Pompeiano