- Title Pages
- Dedication
- Preface
- Contributors
- 1 Electrical activity of nerve: The background up to 1952
- 2 Morphology of normal peripheral axons
- 3 Morphology of central nervous system axons
- 4 Physiology of axons
- 5 The Schwann cell: Morphology and development
- 6 The oligodendrocyte, the perinodal astrocyte, and the central node of Ranvier
- 7 Molecular biology of myelination
- 8 Mechanisms of adhesion between axons and glial cells
- 9 Axonal transport: Function and mechanisms
- 10 Development of axons: Calcium, steering, and the growth cone
- 11 Voltage-gated ion channels in axons: Localization, function, and development
- 12 Molecular biology of voltage-dependent potassium and sodium channels
- 13 Voltage-clamp studies in axons: Macroscopic and single-channel currents
- 14 Modulation of axonal excitability by neurotransmitter receptors
- 15 Ion pumps and exchangers
- 16 Mechanisms of accommodation and adaptation in myelinated axons
- 17 Electrophysiological approaches to the study of axons
- 18 Action potential conduction recorded optically in normal, demyelinated, and remyelinating axons
- 19 Reaction of the neuronal cell body to axonal damage
- 20 Axonal degeneration and disorders of the axonal cytoskeleton
- 21 Pathology of demyelinated and dysmyelinated axons
- 22 Pathology of the myelin sheath
- 23 Pathophysiology of demyelinated axons
- 24 Anoxic/ischemic injury in axons
- 25 Traumatic injury of spinal axons
- 26 Diffuse axonal injury
- 27 Abnormal excitability in injured axons
- 28 Regeneration of peripheral nervous system axons
- 29 Role of cellular interactions in axonal growth and regeneration
- 30 Clinical electrophysiology of peripheral nervous system axons
- 31 Clinical assessment of central nervous system axons: Evoked potentials
- 32 Human peripheral nerve disease (peripheral neuropathies)
- 33 Overview of clinical aspects of multiple sclerosis, including cognitive deficit
- 34 Clinical aspects of traumatic injury to central nervous system axons
- Index
Anoxic/ischemic injury in axons
Anoxic/ischemic injury in axons
- Chapter:
- (p.462) 24 Anoxic/ischemic injury in axons
- Source:
- The Axon
- Author(s):
PETER K. STYS
BRUCE R. RANSOM
JOEL A. BLACK
STEPHEN G. WAXMAN
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
Nerve fibers in both the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system must maintain adequate membrane polarization and transmembrane ion gradients to sustain action potential propagation and maintain normal biochemical homeostasis for survival. Maintenance of adequate transmembrane ion gradients is the single most expensive task performed by nerve fibers. Axons are critically dependent on adequate supplies of oxygen and glucose for normal function and survival. Anoxia/ischemia—the pathological state wherein one of both substrates is limited—is a major mechanism of injury in many human diseases involving both central and peripheral axons. This chapter reviews cellular energy metabolism as it relates to axons.
Keywords: axonal injury, nerve fibers, central nervous system, energy metabolism, peripheral nervous system, biochemical homeostasis
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- Title Pages
- Dedication
- Preface
- Contributors
- 1 Electrical activity of nerve: The background up to 1952
- 2 Morphology of normal peripheral axons
- 3 Morphology of central nervous system axons
- 4 Physiology of axons
- 5 The Schwann cell: Morphology and development
- 6 The oligodendrocyte, the perinodal astrocyte, and the central node of Ranvier
- 7 Molecular biology of myelination
- 8 Mechanisms of adhesion between axons and glial cells
- 9 Axonal transport: Function and mechanisms
- 10 Development of axons: Calcium, steering, and the growth cone
- 11 Voltage-gated ion channels in axons: Localization, function, and development
- 12 Molecular biology of voltage-dependent potassium and sodium channels
- 13 Voltage-clamp studies in axons: Macroscopic and single-channel currents
- 14 Modulation of axonal excitability by neurotransmitter receptors
- 15 Ion pumps and exchangers
- 16 Mechanisms of accommodation and adaptation in myelinated axons
- 17 Electrophysiological approaches to the study of axons
- 18 Action potential conduction recorded optically in normal, demyelinated, and remyelinating axons
- 19 Reaction of the neuronal cell body to axonal damage
- 20 Axonal degeneration and disorders of the axonal cytoskeleton
- 21 Pathology of demyelinated and dysmyelinated axons
- 22 Pathology of the myelin sheath
- 23 Pathophysiology of demyelinated axons
- 24 Anoxic/ischemic injury in axons
- 25 Traumatic injury of spinal axons
- 26 Diffuse axonal injury
- 27 Abnormal excitability in injured axons
- 28 Regeneration of peripheral nervous system axons
- 29 Role of cellular interactions in axonal growth and regeneration
- 30 Clinical electrophysiology of peripheral nervous system axons
- 31 Clinical assessment of central nervous system axons: Evoked potentials
- 32 Human peripheral nerve disease (peripheral neuropathies)
- 33 Overview of clinical aspects of multiple sclerosis, including cognitive deficit
- 34 Clinical aspects of traumatic injury to central nervous system axons
- Index
