- Title Pages
- Foreword
- A Preface to Three Prefaces
- Book One Artifact In Behavioral Research
- Book Two Experimenter Effects in Behavioral Research
- The Nature Of Experimenter Effects
- 1 The Experimenter as Observer
- 2 Interpretation of Data
- 3 Intentional Error
- 4 Biosocial Attributes
- 5 Psychosocial Attributes
- 6 Situational Factors
- 7 Experimenter Modeling
- 8 Experimenter Expectancy
- Part II Studies Of Experimenter Expectancy Effects
- 9 Human Subjects
- 10 Animal Subjects
- 11 Subject Set
- 12 Early Data Returns
- 13 Excessive Rewards
- 14 Structural Variables
- 15 Behavioral Variables
- 16 Communication of Experimenter Expectancy
- Part III Methodological Implications
- 17 The Generality and Assessment of Experimenter Effects
- 18 Replications and Their Assessment
- 19 Experimenter Sampling
- 20 Experimenter Behavior
- 21 Personnel Considerations
- 22 Blind and Minimized Contact
- 23 Expectancy Control Groups
- 24 Conclusion
- Interpersonal Expectancy Effects: A Follow-up
- Book Three The Volunteer Subject
- Author Index
- Subject Index
Communication of Experimenter Expectancy
Communication of Experimenter Expectancy
- Chapter:
- (p.519) 16 Communication of Experimenter Expectancy
- Source:
- Artifacts in Behavioral Research
- Author(s):
Robert Rosenthal
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
This chapter addresses the question: How does the experimenter inform his subject what it is he expects the subject to do? Data from several studies including the leisurely analysis of films suggests that no gross errors are responsible. Experimenters do not tell their subjects in words or even in any obvious gestures what it is they expect from them. Errors of observation and of recording, although they do occur, occur so rarely as to be trivial to any explanation of experimenter expectancy effects.
Keywords: experimenter effects, experimenter expectancy, expectancy effects, experimenter behavior, subjects, errors of observation
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- Title Pages
- Foreword
- A Preface to Three Prefaces
- Book One Artifact In Behavioral Research
- Book Two Experimenter Effects in Behavioral Research
- The Nature Of Experimenter Effects
- 1 The Experimenter as Observer
- 2 Interpretation of Data
- 3 Intentional Error
- 4 Biosocial Attributes
- 5 Psychosocial Attributes
- 6 Situational Factors
- 7 Experimenter Modeling
- 8 Experimenter Expectancy
- Part II Studies Of Experimenter Expectancy Effects
- 9 Human Subjects
- 10 Animal Subjects
- 11 Subject Set
- 12 Early Data Returns
- 13 Excessive Rewards
- 14 Structural Variables
- 15 Behavioral Variables
- 16 Communication of Experimenter Expectancy
- Part III Methodological Implications
- 17 The Generality and Assessment of Experimenter Effects
- 18 Replications and Their Assessment
- 19 Experimenter Sampling
- 20 Experimenter Behavior
- 21 Personnel Considerations
- 22 Blind and Minimized Contact
- 23 Expectancy Control Groups
- 24 Conclusion
- Interpersonal Expectancy Effects: A Follow-up
- Book Three The Volunteer Subject
- Author Index
- Subject Index
