This chapter underscores the wider implications of the inner world—the childhood layer of the mind—for the processes of modernization and social change. It is essential to understand the ways in which a culture responds to the press of social change, to the tension between innovation and conservation. In the later development of psychoanalytic thought, the rigid reductionist formulation of the relationship between the individual psyche and society’s institutions has been amended. For the large majority of India’s people, social change has been gradual and bearable. Most Indians have remained true to the traditional Indian identity in which the maternal cosmos of infancy and early childhood is the inner world. This chapter concludes that many insights gleaned from the nature of traditional Hindu childhood and society are of vital importance for mankind’s radical need for a holistic approach to man’s nature.