- Title Pages
- Preface
- Introduction
- Chapter 1 Better accuracy from simple pendulums
- Chapter 2 A short history of temperature compensation
- Chapter 3 Scaling the size of a pendulum
- Chapter 4 Finding a pendulum’s axis of rotation
- Chapter 5 Does a pendulum’s axis of rotation shift with amplitude?
- Chapter 6 Some practical properties of quartz
- Chapter 7 Putting Q in perspective
- Chapter 8 The Allan variance and the rms time error
- Chapter 9 Transient temperature effects in a pendulum
- Chapter 10 Transient response of a pendulum to temperature change
- Chapter 11 Dimensional stability of pendulum materials
- Chapter 12 Variations on a Riefler bob shape
- Chapter 13 Bob shape
- Chapter 14 Rate adjustment mechanisms
- Chapter 15 Spring suspensions for accurate pendulums
- Chapter 16 James’ suspension spring equations
- Chapter 17 Barometric compensation with a crossed spring suspension?
- Chapter 18 Solid one-piece suspension springs
- Chapter 19 Stable connections to a pendulum’s suspension spring
- Chapter 20 Stability of suspension spring materials
- Chapter 21 Pendulum rod materials
- Chapter 22 The heat treatment of invar
- Chapter 23 The instability of invar
- Chapter 24 Position sensitivity along the pendulum rod
- Chapter 25 Fasteners for quartz pendulum rods
- Chapter 26 Effect of the pendulum rod on Q
- Chapter 27 Correcting the pendulum’s air pressure error
- Chapter 28 Pendulum air movement: A failed experiment
- Chapter 29 Pendulum air movement: A second try
- Chapter 30 Time error due to air pressure variations
- Chapter 31 Effect of the clock case walls on a pendulum
- Chapter 32 An electronically driven pendulum
- Chapter 33 Sinusoidal drive of a pendulum
- Chapter 34 Photoelectronics for pendulums
- Chapter 35 Check your clock against WWV
- Chapter 36 Electronic correction for air pressure variations
- Conversion Table
- Index
The heat treatment of invar
The heat treatment of invar
- Chapter:
- (p.159) Chapter 22 The heat treatment of invar
- Source:
- Accurate Clock Pendulums
- Author(s):
Robert James Matthys
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
Even though invar is the most common material used for the pendulum rod in a good clock, it is still a poor material for the purpose because of its relatively poor dimensional stability over time compared with other materials such as quartz or platinum. Invar is usually considered for its low thermal expansion coefficient (tempco) rather than its dimensional stability. Quartz, however, is an ideal material for a pendulum rod, if you can get around the glass breakage problem. There are three types of invar available: regular invar, regular invar free machining, and super invar. Each has a different tempco and is dependent on heat treatment and any coldworking or machining that the part has received. What never gets mentioned and is not widely known is how big the changes from heat treating and machining really are.
Keywords: invar, heat treatment, pendulum rod, thermal expansion coefficient, dimensional stability, machining
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- Title Pages
- Preface
- Introduction
- Chapter 1 Better accuracy from simple pendulums
- Chapter 2 A short history of temperature compensation
- Chapter 3 Scaling the size of a pendulum
- Chapter 4 Finding a pendulum’s axis of rotation
- Chapter 5 Does a pendulum’s axis of rotation shift with amplitude?
- Chapter 6 Some practical properties of quartz
- Chapter 7 Putting Q in perspective
- Chapter 8 The Allan variance and the rms time error
- Chapter 9 Transient temperature effects in a pendulum
- Chapter 10 Transient response of a pendulum to temperature change
- Chapter 11 Dimensional stability of pendulum materials
- Chapter 12 Variations on a Riefler bob shape
- Chapter 13 Bob shape
- Chapter 14 Rate adjustment mechanisms
- Chapter 15 Spring suspensions for accurate pendulums
- Chapter 16 James’ suspension spring equations
- Chapter 17 Barometric compensation with a crossed spring suspension?
- Chapter 18 Solid one-piece suspension springs
- Chapter 19 Stable connections to a pendulum’s suspension spring
- Chapter 20 Stability of suspension spring materials
- Chapter 21 Pendulum rod materials
- Chapter 22 The heat treatment of invar
- Chapter 23 The instability of invar
- Chapter 24 Position sensitivity along the pendulum rod
- Chapter 25 Fasteners for quartz pendulum rods
- Chapter 26 Effect of the pendulum rod on Q
- Chapter 27 Correcting the pendulum’s air pressure error
- Chapter 28 Pendulum air movement: A failed experiment
- Chapter 29 Pendulum air movement: A second try
- Chapter 30 Time error due to air pressure variations
- Chapter 31 Effect of the clock case walls on a pendulum
- Chapter 32 An electronically driven pendulum
- Chapter 33 Sinusoidal drive of a pendulum
- Chapter 34 Photoelectronics for pendulums
- Chapter 35 Check your clock against WWV
- Chapter 36 Electronic correction for air pressure variations
- Conversion Table
- Index