The conclusion divides into three parts. First, it engages in comparative analysis of the three main sets of refugee economies (urban, protracted camp, and emergency camp) explored in the book. Drawing upon both qualitative and quantitative data, it responds directly to the book’s central question of ‘what explains variation in economic outcomes for refugees?’ in order to begin to build theory that can be tested on a broader set of cases. Second, it explores the implications of the book for research, highlighting the central academic contribution and what the work tells us about a future research agenda on economics and refugees. Third, it explores the book’s implications for policy and practice, suggesting that to take refugee economies seriously provides a means to radically rethink refugee assistance by reconceiving the relationship between states, markets, and refugees.