- Title Pages
- Preface to third edition
- Preface to second edition
- Preface to first edition
-
1 Introduction -
2 ANIMALIA (METAZOA) -
3 Prelude: Phylum Choanoflagellata -
4 Early animal radiation -
5 Phylum Silicea -
6 EURADICULATA -
7 Phylum Calcarea -
8 PROEPITHELIOZOA -
9 Phylum Homoscleromorpha -
10 EUMETAZOA (GASTRAEOZOA) -
11 Phylum Placozoa -
12 NEURALIA -
13 Phylum Cnidaria -
14 TRIPLOBLASTICA -
15 Phylum Ctenophora -
16 BILATERIA -
17 ACOELOMORPHA -
18 Phylum Acoela -
19 Phylum Nemertodermatid -
20 Phylum Xenoturbellida -
21 EUBILATERIA -
22 PROTOSTOMIA -
23 SPIRALIA (LOPHOTROCHOZOA) -
24 SCHIZOCOELIA -
25 Phylum Annelida -
26 Phylum Sipuncul -
27 Phylum Mollusca -
28 Phylum Nemertin -
29 Phylum Platyhelminthes -
30 Phylum Gastrotricha -
31 GNATHIFERA -
32 Phylum Gnathostomulida -
33 Phylum Micrognathozoa -
34 Phylum Rotifera -
35 POLYZOA (BRYOZOA s.l.) -
36 Phylum Entoprocta -
37 Phylum Cycliophora -
38 Phylum Bryozo (Ectoprocta) -
39 BRACHIOZOA -
40 Phylum Phoronida -
41 Phylum Brachiopoda -
42 ECDYSOZOA -
43 PANARTHROPODA -
44 Phylum Arthropoda -
45 Phylum Onychophora -
46 Phylum Tardigrada -
47 CYCLONEURALIA -
48 NEMATOIDEA -
49 Phylum Nematoda -
50 Phylum Nematomorpha -
51 SCALIDOPHORA -
52 Phylum Priapul -
53 Phylum Kinorhynch -
54 Phylum Loricifera -
55 Phylum Chaetognatha -
56 DEUTEROSTOMIA -
57 AMBULACRARIA -
58 Phylum Echinodermata -
59 HEMICHORDATA -
60 Phylum Enteropneusta -
61 Phylum Pterobranchia -
62 CHORDATA -
63 Phylum Cephalochordata -
64 Phylum Urochordata -
65 Phylum Vertebrata (Craniata) -
66 Problematica - Systematic index
- Subject index
- Plates
Phylum Cycliophora
Phylum Cycliophora
The Cycliophora, a phylum of microscopic organisms that live on the mouth parts of lobsters, comprises only the genus Symbion with two described species, although molecular analyses suggest that there are more species. Symbion was originally placed close to entoprocts and ectoprocts, but appears to be a separate phylum based on the structure of the various stages and the extremely complicated life cycle, which consists of both sexual and asexual cycles. The cyclic degeneration of gut and buccal funnel is similar to the cyclic renewal of the polypides of the bryozoans. Molecular evidence points to a sister-group relationship with the entoprocts, and generally places it together with entoprocts and bryozoans.
Keywords: entoprocts, ectoprocts, Cycliophora, Symbion, life cycle, bryozoans
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- Title Pages
- Preface to third edition
- Preface to second edition
- Preface to first edition
-
1 Introduction -
2 ANIMALIA (METAZOA) -
3 Prelude: Phylum Choanoflagellata -
4 Early animal radiation -
5 Phylum Silicea -
6 EURADICULATA -
7 Phylum Calcarea -
8 PROEPITHELIOZOA -
9 Phylum Homoscleromorpha -
10 EUMETAZOA (GASTRAEOZOA) -
11 Phylum Placozoa -
12 NEURALIA -
13 Phylum Cnidaria -
14 TRIPLOBLASTICA -
15 Phylum Ctenophora -
16 BILATERIA -
17 ACOELOMORPHA -
18 Phylum Acoela -
19 Phylum Nemertodermatid -
20 Phylum Xenoturbellida -
21 EUBILATERIA -
22 PROTOSTOMIA -
23 SPIRALIA (LOPHOTROCHOZOA) -
24 SCHIZOCOELIA -
25 Phylum Annelida -
26 Phylum Sipuncul -
27 Phylum Mollusca -
28 Phylum Nemertin -
29 Phylum Platyhelminthes -
30 Phylum Gastrotricha -
31 GNATHIFERA -
32 Phylum Gnathostomulida -
33 Phylum Micrognathozoa -
34 Phylum Rotifera -
35 POLYZOA (BRYOZOA s.l.) -
36 Phylum Entoprocta -
37 Phylum Cycliophora -
38 Phylum Bryozo (Ectoprocta) -
39 BRACHIOZOA -
40 Phylum Phoronida -
41 Phylum Brachiopoda -
42 ECDYSOZOA -
43 PANARTHROPODA -
44 Phylum Arthropoda -
45 Phylum Onychophora -
46 Phylum Tardigrada -
47 CYCLONEURALIA -
48 NEMATOIDEA -
49 Phylum Nematoda -
50 Phylum Nematomorpha -
51 SCALIDOPHORA -
52 Phylum Priapul -
53 Phylum Kinorhynch -
54 Phylum Loricifera -
55 Phylum Chaetognatha -
56 DEUTEROSTOMIA -
57 AMBULACRARIA -
58 Phylum Echinodermata -
59 HEMICHORDATA -
60 Phylum Enteropneusta -
61 Phylum Pterobranchia -
62 CHORDATA -
63 Phylum Cephalochordata -
64 Phylum Urochordata -
65 Phylum Vertebrata (Craniata) -
66 Problematica - Systematic index
- Subject index
- Plates
