- Title Pages
- Preface to third edition
- Preface to second edition
- Preface to first edition
- 1 Introduction
- 2 ANIMALIA (METAZOA)
- 3 Prelude: Phylum Choanoflagellata
- 4 Early animal radiation
- 5 Phylum Silicea
- 6 EURADICULATA
- 7 <i>Phylum</i> Calcarea
- 8 PROEPITHELIOZOA
- 9 <i>Phylum</i> Homoscleromorpha
- 10 EUMETAZOA (GASTRAEOZOA)
- 11 <i>Phylum</i> Placozoa
- 12 NEURALIA
- 13 <i>Phylum</i> Cnidaria
- 14 TRIPLOBLASTICA
- 15 Phylum Ctenophora
- 16 BILATERIA
- 17 ACOELOMORPHA
- 18 Phylum Acoela
- 19 Phylum Nemertodermatid
- 20 <i>Phylum</i> Xenoturbellida
- 21 EUBILATERIA
- 22 PROTOSTOMIA
- 23 SPIRALIA (LOPHOTROCHOZOA)
- 24 SCHIZOCOELIA
- 25 Phylum Annelida
- 26 <i>Phylum</i> Sipuncul
- 27 Phylum Mollusca
- 28 <i>Phylum</i> Nemertin
- 29 <i>Phylum</i> Platyhelminthes
- 30 Phylum Gastrotricha
- 31 GNATHIFERA
- 32 <i>Phylum</i> Gnathostomulida
- 33 <i>Phylum</i> Micrognathozoa
- 34 <i>Phylum</i> Rotifera
- 35 POLYZOA (BRYOZOA s.l.)
- 36 Phylum Entoprocta
- 37 <i>Phylum</i> Cycliophora
- 38 Phylum Bryozo (Ectoprocta)
- 39 BRACHIOZOA
- 40 <i>Phylum</i> Phoronida
- 41 <i>Phylum</i> Brachiopoda
- 42 ECDYSOZOA
- 43 PANARTHROPODA
- 44 <i>Phylum</i> Arthropoda
- 45 <i>Phylum</i> Onychophora
- 46 <i>Phylum</i> Tardigrada
- 47 CYCLONEURALIA
- 48 NEMATOIDEA
- 49 <i>Phylum</i> Nematoda
- 50 <i>Phylum</i> Nematomorpha
- 51 SCALIDOPHORA
- 52 <i>Phylum</i> Priapul
- 53 <i>Phylum</i> Kinorhynch
- 54 <i>Phylum</i> Loricifera
- 55 <i>Phylum</i> Chaetognatha
- 56 DEUTEROSTOMIA
- 57 AMBULACRARIA
- 58 <i>Phylum</i> Echinodermata
- 59 HEMICHORDATA
- 60 <i>Phylum</i> Enteropneusta
- 61 <i>Phylum</i> Pterobranchia
- 62 CHORDATA
- 63 <i>Phylum</i> Cephalochordata
- 64 <i>Phylum</i> Urochordata
- 65 <i>Phylum</i> Vertebrata (Craniata)
- 66 Problematica
- Systematic index
- Subject index
- Plates
Phylum Tardigrada
Phylum Tardigrada
- Chapter:
- (p.265) 46 Phylum Tardigrada
- Source:
- Animal Evolution
- Author(s):
Claus Nielsen
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
The Tardigrada, or water bears, is a small phylum comprised of about 1,000 described species of microscopic animals found in almost all types of permanently or periodically moist habitats, including the soil, the deep sea, hot springs, glaciers, and mosses. Three known species are the eutardigrade Thulinia, the heterotardigrade Echiniscoides, and the parthenogenetic eutardigrade Hypsibius. Morphological studies generally recognise two orders, Heterotardigrada and Eutardigrada. Despite their seemingly unquestioned monophyly, the tardigrades have been associated with different groups, such as panartropods and cycloneuralians.
Keywords: water bears, Tardigrada, Thulinia, Echiniscoides, Heterotardigrada, Eutardigrada, monophyly, tardigrades, panartropods, cycloneuralians
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- Title Pages
- Preface to third edition
- Preface to second edition
- Preface to first edition
- 1 Introduction
- 2 ANIMALIA (METAZOA)
- 3 Prelude: Phylum Choanoflagellata
- 4 Early animal radiation
- 5 Phylum Silicea
- 6 EURADICULATA
- 7 <i>Phylum</i> Calcarea
- 8 PROEPITHELIOZOA
- 9 <i>Phylum</i> Homoscleromorpha
- 10 EUMETAZOA (GASTRAEOZOA)
- 11 <i>Phylum</i> Placozoa
- 12 NEURALIA
- 13 <i>Phylum</i> Cnidaria
- 14 TRIPLOBLASTICA
- 15 Phylum Ctenophora
- 16 BILATERIA
- 17 ACOELOMORPHA
- 18 Phylum Acoela
- 19 Phylum Nemertodermatid
- 20 <i>Phylum</i> Xenoturbellida
- 21 EUBILATERIA
- 22 PROTOSTOMIA
- 23 SPIRALIA (LOPHOTROCHOZOA)
- 24 SCHIZOCOELIA
- 25 Phylum Annelida
- 26 <i>Phylum</i> Sipuncul
- 27 Phylum Mollusca
- 28 <i>Phylum</i> Nemertin
- 29 <i>Phylum</i> Platyhelminthes
- 30 Phylum Gastrotricha
- 31 GNATHIFERA
- 32 <i>Phylum</i> Gnathostomulida
- 33 <i>Phylum</i> Micrognathozoa
- 34 <i>Phylum</i> Rotifera
- 35 POLYZOA (BRYOZOA s.l.)
- 36 Phylum Entoprocta
- 37 <i>Phylum</i> Cycliophora
- 38 Phylum Bryozo (Ectoprocta)
- 39 BRACHIOZOA
- 40 <i>Phylum</i> Phoronida
- 41 <i>Phylum</i> Brachiopoda
- 42 ECDYSOZOA
- 43 PANARTHROPODA
- 44 <i>Phylum</i> Arthropoda
- 45 <i>Phylum</i> Onychophora
- 46 <i>Phylum</i> Tardigrada
- 47 CYCLONEURALIA
- 48 NEMATOIDEA
- 49 <i>Phylum</i> Nematoda
- 50 <i>Phylum</i> Nematomorpha
- 51 SCALIDOPHORA
- 52 <i>Phylum</i> Priapul
- 53 <i>Phylum</i> Kinorhynch
- 54 <i>Phylum</i> Loricifera
- 55 <i>Phylum</i> Chaetognatha
- 56 DEUTEROSTOMIA
- 57 AMBULACRARIA
- 58 <i>Phylum</i> Echinodermata
- 59 HEMICHORDATA
- 60 <i>Phylum</i> Enteropneusta
- 61 <i>Phylum</i> Pterobranchia
- 62 CHORDATA
- 63 <i>Phylum</i> Cephalochordata
- 64 <i>Phylum</i> Urochordata
- 65 <i>Phylum</i> Vertebrata (Craniata)
- 66 Problematica
- Systematic index
- Subject index
- Plates