- Title Pages
- Preface to third edition
- Preface to second edition
- Preface to first edition
-
1 Introduction -
2 ANIMALIA (METAZOA) -
3 Prelude: Phylum Choanoflagellata -
4 Early animal radiation -
5 Phylum Silicea -
6 EURADICULATA -
7 Phylum Calcarea -
8 PROEPITHELIOZOA -
9 Phylum Homoscleromorpha -
10 EUMETAZOA (GASTRAEOZOA) -
11 Phylum Placozoa -
12 NEURALIA -
13 Phylum Cnidaria -
14 TRIPLOBLASTICA -
15 Phylum Ctenophora -
16 BILATERIA -
17 ACOELOMORPHA -
18 Phylum Acoela -
19 Phylum Nemertodermatid -
20 Phylum Xenoturbellida -
21 EUBILATERIA -
22 PROTOSTOMIA -
23 SPIRALIA (LOPHOTROCHOZOA) -
24 SCHIZOCOELIA -
25 Phylum Annelida -
26 Phylum Sipuncul -
27 Phylum Mollusca -
28 Phylum Nemertin -
29 Phylum Platyhelminthes -
30 Phylum Gastrotricha -
31 GNATHIFERA -
32 Phylum Gnathostomulida -
33 Phylum Micrognathozoa -
34 Phylum Rotifera -
35 POLYZOA (BRYOZOA s.l.) -
36 Phylum Entoprocta -
37 Phylum Cycliophora -
38 Phylum Bryozo (Ectoprocta) -
39 BRACHIOZOA -
40 Phylum Phoronida -
41 Phylum Brachiopoda -
42 ECDYSOZOA -
43 PANARTHROPODA -
44 Phylum Arthropoda -
45 Phylum Onychophora -
46 Phylum Tardigrada -
47 CYCLONEURALIA -
48 NEMATOIDEA -
49 Phylum Nematoda -
50 Phylum Nematomorpha -
51 SCALIDOPHORA -
52 Phylum Priapul -
53 Phylum Kinorhynch -
54 Phylum Loricifera -
55 Phylum Chaetognatha -
56 DEUTEROSTOMIA -
57 AMBULACRARIA -
58 Phylum Echinodermata -
59 HEMICHORDATA -
60 Phylum Enteropneusta -
61 Phylum Pterobranchia -
62 CHORDATA -
63 Phylum Cephalochordata -
64 Phylum Urochordata -
65 Phylum Vertebrata (Craniata) -
66 Problematica - Systematic index
- Subject index
- Plates
Phylum Enteropneusta
Phylum Enteropneusta
The Enteropneusta is a well-defined phylum consisting of approximately ninety species of burrowing or creeping, marine, worm-like invertebrates. On the basis of morphological characters, Pterobranchia is the sister group of the three or four enteropneust families. However, molecular studies suggest that there are main lineages of enteropneusts: Harrimaniidae and Ptychoderidae. The pterobranchs are considered the sister group of the Harrimaniidae. Four of the genera of the Enteropneusta are Saccoglossus, Glossobalanus, Balanoglossus, and Ptychodera. The Hox genes show a characteristic ‘ambulacrarian signature’. The enteropneusts possess both an axial complex and a series of gill slits, indicating that they are in a key position within the deuterostomes. The enteropneusts, pterobranchs, and echinoderms all have axial complexes with questioned homology.
Keywords: enteropneusts, pterobranchs, echinoderms, Enteropneusta, Pterobranchia, Harrimaniidae, Ptychoderidae, Hox genes, deuterostomes, axial complexes
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- Title Pages
- Preface to third edition
- Preface to second edition
- Preface to first edition
-
1 Introduction -
2 ANIMALIA (METAZOA) -
3 Prelude: Phylum Choanoflagellata -
4 Early animal radiation -
5 Phylum Silicea -
6 EURADICULATA -
7 Phylum Calcarea -
8 PROEPITHELIOZOA -
9 Phylum Homoscleromorpha -
10 EUMETAZOA (GASTRAEOZOA) -
11 Phylum Placozoa -
12 NEURALIA -
13 Phylum Cnidaria -
14 TRIPLOBLASTICA -
15 Phylum Ctenophora -
16 BILATERIA -
17 ACOELOMORPHA -
18 Phylum Acoela -
19 Phylum Nemertodermatid -
20 Phylum Xenoturbellida -
21 EUBILATERIA -
22 PROTOSTOMIA -
23 SPIRALIA (LOPHOTROCHOZOA) -
24 SCHIZOCOELIA -
25 Phylum Annelida -
26 Phylum Sipuncul -
27 Phylum Mollusca -
28 Phylum Nemertin -
29 Phylum Platyhelminthes -
30 Phylum Gastrotricha -
31 GNATHIFERA -
32 Phylum Gnathostomulida -
33 Phylum Micrognathozoa -
34 Phylum Rotifera -
35 POLYZOA (BRYOZOA s.l.) -
36 Phylum Entoprocta -
37 Phylum Cycliophora -
38 Phylum Bryozo (Ectoprocta) -
39 BRACHIOZOA -
40 Phylum Phoronida -
41 Phylum Brachiopoda -
42 ECDYSOZOA -
43 PANARTHROPODA -
44 Phylum Arthropoda -
45 Phylum Onychophora -
46 Phylum Tardigrada -
47 CYCLONEURALIA -
48 NEMATOIDEA -
49 Phylum Nematoda -
50 Phylum Nematomorpha -
51 SCALIDOPHORA -
52 Phylum Priapul -
53 Phylum Kinorhynch -
54 Phylum Loricifera -
55 Phylum Chaetognatha -
56 DEUTEROSTOMIA -
57 AMBULACRARIA -
58 Phylum Echinodermata -
59 HEMICHORDATA -
60 Phylum Enteropneusta -
61 Phylum Pterobranchia -
62 CHORDATA -
63 Phylum Cephalochordata -
64 Phylum Urochordata -
65 Phylum Vertebrata (Craniata) -
66 Problematica - Systematic index
- Subject index
- Plates
