- Title Pages
- Preface to third edition
- Preface to second edition
- Preface to first edition
-
1 Introduction -
2 ANIMALIA (METAZOA) -
3 Prelude: Phylum Choanoflagellata -
4 Early animal radiation -
5 Phylum Silicea -
6 EURADICULATA -
7 Phylum Calcarea -
8 PROEPITHELIOZOA -
9 Phylum Homoscleromorpha -
10 EUMETAZOA (GASTRAEOZOA) -
11 Phylum Placozoa -
12 NEURALIA -
13 Phylum Cnidaria -
14 TRIPLOBLASTICA -
15 Phylum Ctenophora -
16 BILATERIA -
17 ACOELOMORPHA -
18 Phylum Acoela -
19 Phylum Nemertodermatid -
20 Phylum Xenoturbellida -
21 EUBILATERIA -
22 PROTOSTOMIA -
23 SPIRALIA (LOPHOTROCHOZOA) -
24 SCHIZOCOELIA -
25 Phylum Annelida -
26 Phylum Sipuncul -
27 Phylum Mollusca -
28 Phylum Nemertin -
29 Phylum Platyhelminthes -
30 Phylum Gastrotricha -
31 GNATHIFERA -
32 Phylum Gnathostomulida -
33 Phylum Micrognathozoa -
34 Phylum Rotifera -
35 POLYZOA (BRYOZOA s.l.) -
36 Phylum Entoprocta -
37 Phylum Cycliophora -
38 Phylum Bryozo (Ectoprocta) -
39 BRACHIOZOA -
40 Phylum Phoronida -
41 Phylum Brachiopoda -
42 ECDYSOZOA -
43 PANARTHROPODA -
44 Phylum Arthropoda -
45 Phylum Onychophora -
46 Phylum Tardigrada -
47 CYCLONEURALIA -
48 NEMATOIDEA -
49 Phylum Nematoda -
50 Phylum Nematomorpha -
51 SCALIDOPHORA -
52 Phylum Priapul -
53 Phylum Kinorhynch -
54 Phylum Loricifera -
55 Phylum Chaetognatha -
56 DEUTEROSTOMIA -
57 AMBULACRARIA -
58 Phylum Echinodermata -
59 HEMICHORDATA -
60 Phylum Enteropneusta -
61 Phylum Pterobranchia -
62 CHORDATA -
63 Phylum Cephalochordata -
64 Phylum Urochordata -
65 Phylum Vertebrata (Craniata) -
66 Problematica - Systematic index
- Subject index
- Plates
Phylum Calcarea
Phylum Calcarea
The Calcarea is a phylum of marine ‘sponges’ consisting of approximately 400 extant species and characterised by calcareous spicules. The fossil record dates back to the Lower Cambrian (Ediacaran). There are two known classes of marine sponges, Calcinea and Calcaronea, which differ both in adult morphology and in embryology. Sponge evolution has been described for decades using the very uncomplicated structure of genera such as Leucosolenia, known as the Ascon type. Evidence from molecular phylogeny and morphological studies revealed that striated roots are present in the larval cilia, supporting the Calcarea’s sister-group relationship with the Eumetazoa (when Homoscleromorpha is excluded in the study) or with the Proepitheliozoa (Homoscleromorpha + Eumetazoa).
Keywords: evolution, Calcarea, marine sponges, Calcinea, Calcaronea, embryology, Leucosolenia, molecular phylogeny, Eumetazoa, Proepitheliozoa
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- Title Pages
- Preface to third edition
- Preface to second edition
- Preface to first edition
-
1 Introduction -
2 ANIMALIA (METAZOA) -
3 Prelude: Phylum Choanoflagellata -
4 Early animal radiation -
5 Phylum Silicea -
6 EURADICULATA -
7 Phylum Calcarea -
8 PROEPITHELIOZOA -
9 Phylum Homoscleromorpha -
10 EUMETAZOA (GASTRAEOZOA) -
11 Phylum Placozoa -
12 NEURALIA -
13 Phylum Cnidaria -
14 TRIPLOBLASTICA -
15 Phylum Ctenophora -
16 BILATERIA -
17 ACOELOMORPHA -
18 Phylum Acoela -
19 Phylum Nemertodermatid -
20 Phylum Xenoturbellida -
21 EUBILATERIA -
22 PROTOSTOMIA -
23 SPIRALIA (LOPHOTROCHOZOA) -
24 SCHIZOCOELIA -
25 Phylum Annelida -
26 Phylum Sipuncul -
27 Phylum Mollusca -
28 Phylum Nemertin -
29 Phylum Platyhelminthes -
30 Phylum Gastrotricha -
31 GNATHIFERA -
32 Phylum Gnathostomulida -
33 Phylum Micrognathozoa -
34 Phylum Rotifera -
35 POLYZOA (BRYOZOA s.l.) -
36 Phylum Entoprocta -
37 Phylum Cycliophora -
38 Phylum Bryozo (Ectoprocta) -
39 BRACHIOZOA -
40 Phylum Phoronida -
41 Phylum Brachiopoda -
42 ECDYSOZOA -
43 PANARTHROPODA -
44 Phylum Arthropoda -
45 Phylum Onychophora -
46 Phylum Tardigrada -
47 CYCLONEURALIA -
48 NEMATOIDEA -
49 Phylum Nematoda -
50 Phylum Nematomorpha -
51 SCALIDOPHORA -
52 Phylum Priapul -
53 Phylum Kinorhynch -
54 Phylum Loricifera -
55 Phylum Chaetognatha -
56 DEUTEROSTOMIA -
57 AMBULACRARIA -
58 Phylum Echinodermata -
59 HEMICHORDATA -
60 Phylum Enteropneusta -
61 Phylum Pterobranchia -
62 CHORDATA -
63 Phylum Cephalochordata -
64 Phylum Urochordata -
65 Phylum Vertebrata (Craniata) -
66 Problematica - Systematic index
- Subject index
- Plates
