- Title Pages
- Frontispiece
- Acknowledgments
- Note on Illustrations
- List of tables
- Note on Terminology
- Introduction
- Part I The Origins of the US Census: From Enumeration of Voters and Taxpayers to “Social Statistics,” 1790–1840
- 1 The Creation of the Federal Census by the Constitution of the United States
- 2 The First Developments of the National Census (1800–1830)
- 3 The Census of 1840
- Part II Slaves, Former Slaves, Blacks, and Mulattoes: Identification of the Individual and the Statistical Segregation of Populations (1850–1865)
- 4 Whether to Name or Count Slaves
- 5 Color, Race, and Origin of Slaves and Free Persons
- 6 Color and Status of Slaves
- 7 Census Data for 1850 and 1860 and the Defeat of the South
- Part III The Rise of Immigration and the Racialization of Society: The Adaptation of the Census to the Diversity of the American Population (1850–1900)
- 8 Modernization, Standardization, and Internationalization
- 9 From Slavery to Freedom
- 10 From “Mulatto” to the “One Drop Rule” (1870–1900)
- 11 The Slow Integration of Indians into US Population Statistics in the Nineteenth Century
- 12 The Chinese and Japanese in the Census
- 13 Immigration, Nativism, and Statistics (1850–1900)
- Part IV Apogee and Decline of Ethnic Statistics (1900–1940)
- 14 The Disappearance of the “Mulatto” as the End of Inquiry into the Composition of the Black Population of the United States
- 15 The Question of Racial Mixing in the American Possessions
- 16 New Asian Races, New Mixtures, and the “Mexican” Race
- 17 From Statistics by Country of Birth to the System of National Origins
- Part V The Population and the Census: Representation, Negotiation, and Segmentation (1900–1940)
- 18 The Census and African Americans Within and Outside the Bureau
- 19 Women as Census Workers and as Relays in the Field
- 20 Ethnic Marketing of Population Statistics
- Epilogue
- Conclusion
- Abbreviations
- Sources and Bibliography
- Index
Census Data for 1850 and 1860 and the Defeat of the South
Census Data for 1850 and 1860 and the Defeat of the South
- Chapter:
- (p.66) 7 Census Data for 1850 and 1860 and the Defeat of the South
- Source:
- Counting Americans
- Author(s):
Paul Schor
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
This chapter discusses how census data for 1850 and 1860 contributed to the military defeat of the South in the Civil War. For instance, the main innovation of the 1860 census was the cartographic presentation of the data. The agents of the Census Office reported the results of the 1860 census on existing maps of southern postal routes, county by county. Thus, northern generals gained access to data on cultivated acres, the numbers of horses and mules, and the quantities of wheat, corn, oats, or other crops, as well as on the numbers of whites, free blacks, and slaves in each county. The data of the 1850 and 1860 censuses on slaves and free blacks also played a central role in the polemics between slavery proponents and abolitionists.
Keywords: American South, slavery, census data, southern postal routes, Civil War, US census
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- Title Pages
- Frontispiece
- Acknowledgments
- Note on Illustrations
- List of tables
- Note on Terminology
- Introduction
- Part I The Origins of the US Census: From Enumeration of Voters and Taxpayers to “Social Statistics,” 1790–1840
- 1 The Creation of the Federal Census by the Constitution of the United States
- 2 The First Developments of the National Census (1800–1830)
- 3 The Census of 1840
- Part II Slaves, Former Slaves, Blacks, and Mulattoes: Identification of the Individual and the Statistical Segregation of Populations (1850–1865)
- 4 Whether to Name or Count Slaves
- 5 Color, Race, and Origin of Slaves and Free Persons
- 6 Color and Status of Slaves
- 7 Census Data for 1850 and 1860 and the Defeat of the South
- Part III The Rise of Immigration and the Racialization of Society: The Adaptation of the Census to the Diversity of the American Population (1850–1900)
- 8 Modernization, Standardization, and Internationalization
- 9 From Slavery to Freedom
- 10 From “Mulatto” to the “One Drop Rule” (1870–1900)
- 11 The Slow Integration of Indians into US Population Statistics in the Nineteenth Century
- 12 The Chinese and Japanese in the Census
- 13 Immigration, Nativism, and Statistics (1850–1900)
- Part IV Apogee and Decline of Ethnic Statistics (1900–1940)
- 14 The Disappearance of the “Mulatto” as the End of Inquiry into the Composition of the Black Population of the United States
- 15 The Question of Racial Mixing in the American Possessions
- 16 New Asian Races, New Mixtures, and the “Mexican” Race
- 17 From Statistics by Country of Birth to the System of National Origins
- Part V The Population and the Census: Representation, Negotiation, and Segmentation (1900–1940)
- 18 The Census and African Americans Within and Outside the Bureau
- 19 Women as Census Workers and as Relays in the Field
- 20 Ethnic Marketing of Population Statistics
- Epilogue
- Conclusion
- Abbreviations
- Sources and Bibliography
- Index
