This chapter examines the counterinsurgency (COIN) operation in Afghanistan, with particular emphasis on the allocation of risk between military forces and Afghan civilians. It looks at the United States's emphasis on risk tolerance by soldiers as part of its COIN doctrine and asks whether such emphasis works as theorized in practice. It also considers civilian and military casualties as well as each group's perception of the risk they face, along with the risk allocation outlined in recent COIN doctrine and how that allocation translates from the conceptual or strategic level to the operational reality of soldiers and marines in harm's way at the tactical level in Afghanistan.