Article 4(4). Profiling

Lee A. Bygrave

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The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): A Commentary

Christopher Kuner, Lee A. Bygrave, Christopher Docksey, and Laura Drechsler

Print publication date: 2020

Print ISBN-13: 9780198826491

Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: March 2021

DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198826491.001.0001

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ContentsFRONT MATTER

Title Pages
Foreword
Editors’ Preface
Table of Cases
Table of Instruments
List of Abbreviations
List of Contributors
Background and Evolution of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
Chapter I General Provisions (Articles 1–4)
- Article 1 Subject-matter and objectives
- Article 2 Material scope
- Article 3 Territorial scope
- Article 4 Definitions
- Article 4(1). Personal data
- Article 4(2). Processing
- Article 4(3). Restriction of processing
- Article 4(4). Profiling
- Article 4(5). Pseudonymisation
- Article 4(6). Filing system
- Article 4(7). Controller
- Article 4(8). Processor
- Article 4(9). Recipient
- Article 4(10). Third party
- Article 4(11). Consent
- Article 4(12). Personal data breach
- Article 4(13). Genetic data
- Article 4(14). Biometric data
- Article 4(15). Data concerning health
- Article 4(16). Main establishment
- Article 4(17). Representative
- Article 4(18). Enterprise
- Article 4(19). Group of undertakings
- Article 4(20). Binding corporate rules
- Article 4(21). Supervisory authority
- Article 4(22). Supervisory authority concerned
- Article 4(23). Cross-border processing
- Article 4(24). Relevant and reasoned objection
- Article 4(25). Information society service
- Article 4(26). International organisation
Chapter II Principles (Articles 5–11)
- Article 5 Principles relating to processing of personal data
- Article 6 Lawfulness of processing
- Article 7 Conditions for consent
- Article 8 Conditions applicable to child’s consent in relation to information society services
- Article 9 Processing of special categories of personal data
- Article 10 Processing of personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences
- Article 11 Processing which does not require identification
Chapter III Rights of the Data Subject (Articles 12–23)
- Article 12 Transparent information, communication and modalities for the exercise of the rights of the data subject
- Section 2 Information and access to personal data
- Section 3 Rectification and erasure
- Section 4 Right to object and automated individual decision-making
  - Article 21 Right to object
  - Article 22 Automated individual decision-making, including profiling
- Section 5 Restrictions
  - Article 23 Restrictions
Chapter IV Controller and Processor (Articles 24–43)
- Article 24 Responsibility of the controller
- Article 25 Data protection by design and by default
- Article 26 Joint controllers
- Article 27 Representatives of controllers or processors not established in the Union
- Article 28 Processor
- Article 29 Processing under the authority of the controller or processor
- Article 30 Records of processing activities
- Article 31 Cooperation with the supervisory authority
Section 2 Security of personal data
- Article 32 Security of processing
- Article 33 Notification of a personal data breach to the supervisory authority
- Article 34 Communication of a personal data breach to the data subject
Section 3 Data protection impact assessment and prior consultation
- Article 35 Data protection impact assessment
- Article 36 Prior consultation
Section 4 Data protection officer
- Article 37 Designation of the data protection officer
- Article 38 Position of the data protection officer
- Article 39 Tasks of the data protection officer
Section 5 Codes of conduct and certification
- Article 40 Codes of Conduct
- Article 41 Monitoring of approved codes of conduct
- Article 42 Certification
- Article 43 Certification bodies
Chapter V Transfers of Personal Data to Third Countries or International Organisations (Articles 44–50)
- Article 44 General principle for transfers
- Article 45 Transfers on the basis of an adequacy decision
- Article 46 Transfers subject to appropriate safeguards
- Article 47 Binding corporate rules
- Article 48 Transfers or disclosures not authorised by Union law
- Article 49 Derogations for specific situations
- Article 50 International cooperation for the protection of personal data
Chapter VI Independent Supervisory Authorities (Articles 51–59)
- Article 51 Supervisory authority
- Article 52 Independence
- Article 53 General conditions for the members of the supervisory authority
- Article 54 Rules on the establishment of the supervisory authority
Section 2 Competence, tasks and powers
- Article 55 Competence
- Article 56 Competence of the lead supervisory authority
- Article 57 Tasks
- Article 58 Powers
- Article 59 Activity reports
Chapter VII Cooperation and Consistency (Articles 60–76)
- Article 60 Cooperation between the lead supervisory authority and the other supervisory authorities concerned
- Article 61 Mutual assistance
- Article 62 Joint operations of supervisory authorities
Section 2 Consistency
- Article 63 Consistency mechanism
- Article 64 Opinion of the Board
- Article 65 Dispute resolution by the Board
- Article 66 Urgency procedure
- Article 67 Exchange of information
Section 3 European Data Protection Board
- Article 68 European Data Protection Board
- Article 69 Independence
- Article 70 Tasks of the Board
- Article 71 Reports
- Article 72 Procedure
- Article 73 Chair
- Article 74 Tasks of the Chair
- Article 75 Secretariat
- Article 76 Confidentiality
Chapter VIII Remedies, Liability and Penalties (Articles 77–84)
- Article 77 Right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority
- Article 78 Right to an effective judicial remedy against a supervisory authority
- Article 79 Right to an effective judicial remedy against a controller or processor
- Article 80 Representation of data subjects
- Article 81 Suspension of proceedings
- Article 82 Right to compensation and liability
- Article 83 General conditions for imposing administrative fines
- Article 84 Penalties
Chapter IX Provisions Relating to Specific Processing Situations (Articles 85–91)
- Article 85 Processing and freedom of expression and information
- Article 86 Processing and public access to official documents
- Article 87 Processing of the national identification number
- Article 88 Processing in the context of employment
- Article 89 Safeguards and derogations relating to processing for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes
- Article 90 Obligations of secrecy
- Article 91 Existing data protection rules of churches and religious associations
Chapter X Delegated Acts and Implementing Acts (Articles 92–93)
- Article 92 Exercise of the delegation
- Article 93 Committee procedure
Chapter XI Final Provisions (Articles 94–99)
- Article 94 Repeal of Directive 95/46/EC
- Article 95 Relationship with Directive 2002/58/EC
- Article 96 Relationship with previously concluded Agreements
- Article 97 Commission reports
- Article 98 Review of other Union legal acts on data protection
- Article 99 Entry into force and application
END MATTER
Index

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Article 4(4). Profiling

Chapter:: (p.127) Article 4(4). Profiling
Source:: The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
Author(s):: Lee A. Bygrave
Publisher:: Oxford University Press

DOI:10.1093/oso/9780198826491.003.0010

Article 3(2)(b) (Monitoring of data subjects’ behaviour); Article 5 (Principles relating to processing of personal data); Article 6 (Legal grounds for processing of personal data); Article 8 (Conditions applicable to children’s consent in relation to information society services) (see also recital 38); Article 13(2)(f) (Information on the existence of automated decision-making, including profiling) (see also recital 60); Article 14(2)(g) (Information on the existence of automated decision-making, including profiling) (see also recital 60); Article 15(1)(h) (Right of access regarding automated decision-making, including profiling) (see also recital 63); Article 21 (Right to object) (see also recital 70); Article 22 (Automated decision-making, including profiling) (see also recital 71); Article 23 (Restrictions) (see also recital 73); Article 35(3)(a) (Data protection impact assessment) (see also recital 91); Article 47(2)(e) (Binding corporate rules); Article 70(1)(f) (EDPB guidelines on automated decisions based on profiling)/

Keywords: EU legislation, Switzerland, analysis, automated processing, case law, internet protocol (IP) addresses, national developments, online identifiers/tracking, profiling, radio frequency identification tags (RFIDs), relevant recitals

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Article 4(4). Profiling

Article 4(4). Profiling

Lee A. Bygrave